Key details
Duration
Intake
Locations
Entry requirements
View full entry requirementsCredit points required
240Course code
Overview
With the Bachelor of Environmental Science your academic studies will be combined with practical experience, allowing you to play an active role in the protection and conservation of the environment.
Foundation knowledge including biology, ecology and spatial analysis will be the base from which you learn to solve complex environmental problems. You will explore human impacts, social and cultural perspectives, identify solutions to environmental challenges, and learn how to effectively communicate information for positive environmental outcomes. Training in critical and systems thinking will empower you to tackle the environmental challenges of our time.
Career opportunities
Graduating from this course prepares you with the skills and knowledge to work within the government sector, private companies or community organisations, in areas including environment and heritage, biodiversity conservation, land and water resource management, mine site rehabilitation, nature-based tourism, First Nations land management, wildlife and reserve management, land-care, teaching, consultancy or environmental research.
Credit transfers and advanced standing
Pathways
Pathways for VET to Higher Education
Guaranteed credit transfer arrangements are available to students commencing a bachelor degree at Charles Darwin University with completed Certificate IV, Diploma, Advanced Diploma or Associate Degree qualifications in the same field or discipline. Students who hold completed qualifications should refer to the additional information provided about Advanced Standing and Credit Transfer and Pathways using the links below:
Pathways for Higher Education to Higher Education
For information about credit transfer available to students with complete or incomplete study at this or other Institutions refer to Pathways for Higher Education to Higher Education
Credit transfer
For further information on credit transfer and how to apply visit ASK CDU
Credit transfers and advanced standing
Credit transfer
For further information on credit transfer and how to apply visit ASK CDU
Fees
Commonwealth supported places
Commonwealth Supported places are available in this course to students who meet one of the following residency requirements:
(a) be an Australian citizen, who will complete some of your course of study while resident in Australia; or
(b) a New Zealand citizen; or an Australian permanent visa holder; or an eligible former permanent humanitarian visa holder; who studies the entire course while living in Australia.
Further information about fees and charges can be found at Fees and Payments.
International tuition fees
The annual tuition fee for full time study in 2024 is AUD $34,592.00. This equates to $ $4,324.00 per 10 credit point unit (0.125 EFTSL).
These fees are subject to increases annually, effective at the start of each calendar year.
You can find a list of International fees and payments you can expect to pay as part of your studies in Australia.
CDU offers a number of scholarships to international students to assist with the cost of study.
Why study Science, Environmental Science and Management at CDU?
If you're interested in finding solutions to our planet's environmental issues, there's never been a better time to study science, environmental science and management at CDU. You'll be prepared to apply the academic theories and principles you learn in class to real-world problems in a diverse range of careers.
- #3 in Australia for agriculture and environmental studies starting salary (GUG 2024)
- Five-star Australian university for graduate employment outcomes (GUG 2024)
- Choose to study online, on campus, part-time or full-time as it suits you
Why study science, environmental science & management at CDU?
If you're interested in finding solutions to our planet's environmental issues, there's never been a better time to study science, environmental science and management at CDU. You'll be prepared to apply the academic theories and principles you learn in class to real-world problems in a diverse range of careers.
- Five-star Australian university for undergraduate employment outcomes (GUG 2024)
- #3 in Australia for agriculture and environmental studies starting salary (GUG 2024)
Why study Science, Environmental Science and Management at CDU?
If you're interested in finding solutions to our planet's environmental issues, there's never been a better time to study science, environmental science and management at CDU. You'll be prepared to apply the academic theories and principles you learn in class to real-world problems in a diverse range of careers.
- #3 in Australia for agriculture and environmental studies starting salary (GUG 2024)
- Five-star Australian university for graduate employment outcomes (GUG 2024)
- Choose to study online, on campus, part-time or full-time as it suits you
Why study science, environmental science & management at CDU?
If you're interested in finding solutions to our planet's environmental issues, there's never been a better time to study science, environmental science and management at CDU. You'll be prepared to apply the academic theories and principles you learn in class to real-world problems in a diverse range of careers.
- Five-star Australian university for undergraduate employment outcomes (GUG 2024)
- #3 in Australia for agriculture and environmental studies starting salary (GUG 2024)
What will I study?
The Bachelor of Environmental Science includes common and core foundation units completed mainly in the first year that provide you with a grounding in biology, ecology, earth systems, statistics and study design and an introduction to current national and global environmental issues.
Course structure
You can then select one or two majors in Biodiversity and Conservation, Water and Landscapes, Spatial and Quantitative Ecology or Eco-cultural Resource Management. Specialist electives include exciting field intensives that offer on-the-ground experience within the spectacular environments of Northern and Central Australia and the Asian-Pacific region. There are also three general elective units which provide additional flexibility and choice. This course can be completed on campus, 100% online or via mixed enrolment, part-time or full-time.
A candidate must successfully complete units totalling 240 credit points (cp) as detailed below. All units are valued at 10 credit points unless indicated.
Unit type | Credit Points | Specific requirements |
Common Units (2 units) | 20cp | Common units totalling 20 credit points as detailed below. PLUS EITHER: LAL100 Language, Literacy and Sustainability (replaces CUC100 from 2024) OR |
Core Units (7 units) | 70cp | Compulsory Core units totalling 70 credit points as detailed below. ENV101 Earth Systems |
Specialist Electives (12 units) | 120cp | Specialist Elective units totalling 120 credit points including the completion of at least one major. An option to include two majors is also available. Option 1: Single major - recommended for maximum flexibility when choosing elective units, studying online only or to maximise transfer credits |
Electives (3 units) | 30cp | Elective units totalling 30 credit points may include additional units selected from the Specialist Electives or from any other undergraduate units offered by the University. When selecting electives, choose units at a suitable level. The first number in each unit code indicates the year level at which the subject is taught. Undergraduate units are coded at 100 to 300 level, therefore units coded as ENV1xx, ENV2xx and ENV3xx would be first, second and third year units respectively. |
240cp | Total Credit Points |
Course Rules (unless otherwise indicated in the above course structure) (240cp)
- A maximum of 100 credit points may be taken from 100 level units.
- A minimum of 60 credit points must be taken from 300 level units or above.
- See the Higher Education Course Rules (Award Requirements) in the Units and Courses Policy.
If course commenced prior to 2023:
No more than 20 credit points shall be counted with a grade of "PC" in a Bachelor AQF Level 7 course award and no more than 10 credit points at "PC" may be received at the highest level of the program of learning.
COURSE CHANGES AND TRANSITIONAL ARRANGEMENTS - 2024
LAL100 Language, Literacy and Sustainability has replaced CUC100 Academic Literacies through Exploring Sustainability from 2024. Students that have completed CUC100 do not need to complete LAL100
IAS201 Cultural Capabilities has replaced CUC107Cultural Intelligence and Capability. Students that have completed CUC107 do not need to complete IAS201.
COURSE CHANGES AND TRANSITIONAL ARRANGEMENTS - 2020
Students enrolled prior to 2020 will note the following course structure changes:
Majors have been reduced from 4 to 3 with the merging of Landscape and Spatial Ecology and Water and Catchments into a single major Water and Landscapes. Students undertaking the Landscape and Spatial Ecology or Water and Catchments major should complete the new Water and Landscapes major.
*From 2020 the following majors will no longer available:
> Landscape and Spatial Ecology
> Water and Catchments
LANDSCAPE AND SPATIAL ECOLOGY (60 credit points)
Complete all 6 units:
ENV202 Introduction to Remote Sensing (moved to Water and Landscapes major)
ENV207 Fire Ecology and Management (moved to Biodiversity and Conservation major)
ENV301 Tropical Invaders and Biosecurity (moved to Biodiversity and Conservation major)
ENV306 Environmental Monitoring and Modelling (moved to Water and Landscapes major)
ENV316 Ecosystem Function: Field Studies in North Australia (moved to Water and Landscapes major)
ENV318 Analysing and Synthesising Spatial Data (moved to Water and Landscapes major)
WATER AND CATCHMENTS (60 credit points)
Select 1 unit (10 credit points) from:
SCH101 Chemical Concepts Chemistry (moved to Water and Landscapes major)
SCH104 Introductory Chemistry (moved to Water and Landscapes major)
Plus all 4 units (40cp) of:
ENV210 Aquatic Ecosystems Chemistry (unit title change 2022)
ENV211 Aquatic Ecology: Biota and Processes (discontinued but will count towards the new Water and Landscapes major)
ENV312 Aquatic Resource Management (moved to Water and Landscapes major) (next offered in 2022)
ENV313 Hydrology and Catchment Processes (moved to Water and Landscapes major)
Plus 1 unit (10 credit points) selected from:
ENV302 Organisms and Environmental Change (retained under Biodiversity and Conservation major)
ENV323 Environmental Microbiology (moved to Water and Landscapes major)
Unit Code Changes - 2020
Following is a summary of unit code changes for 2020. Students who have already completed the pre-2020 unit code should not enrol for the replacement unit.
Pre-2020 Unit Code | 2020 Unit Code |
ATI140 Indigenous Land and Resources (core unit) | IAS144 Indigenous Land and Resources |
ATI221 Archaeology and Cultural Resources Management | IAS225 Cultural Resource and Site Management |
ATI321 Impact Assessment and Management of Cultural Sites | IAS354 Impact Assessment and Management of Cultural Sites |
CIK210 Indigenous Knowledges: Representing and Recording Country | IAS223 Representing and Recording Country |
CIK230 Indigenous Engagements: Land and Water | IAS254 Partnership and Engagement in Indigenous Land and Sea Management |
CIK240 Indigenous Cultures and the Environment | IAS353 Indigenous Cultures and the Environment |
INR200 Research With Indigenous People | IAS322 Research With Indigenous People |
COURSE CHANGES AND TRANSITIONAL ARRANGEMENTS - 2018
Core units:
LWA112 Environmental and Planning Law will continue to be delivered in alternate years only and will continue to count as a core unit in the BES.
ENV205 Environmental Issues is being discontinued at the end of 2017 and will be replaced by the equivalent ENV103 Environmental Issues.
Specialist electives:
ENV203 Environmental Survey and Monitoring (repeatable) is being discontinued at the end of 2017 and will be replaced by ENV209 Fauna and Flora Survey and Monitoring and ENV210 Aquatic Ecosystems Chemistry (unit title change 2022). Students who have completed the fauna and flora version of ENV203 should not complete ENV209 and students who have completed the soil and water monitoring version of ENV203 should not complete ENV210.
Study plan
Students commencing in Semester 1
The Recommended Study Plan provided below is suitable for a student commencing in semester 1 and enrolling in a standard load. Students entering this course with advanced standing, or wishing to reduce or vary their study plan due to work, personal, financial or other reasons should use the table as a guide to create an individual study plan.
When designing an individual study plan:
- ensure Common Units are completed in the first year of study;
- maintain the basic order in which units are to be attempted; and
- check the assumed knowledge for each unit as some 200 and 300 level units assume you have completed foundation unit/s in the unit area at a lower level. 200 level units have the unit code which includes a number starting with 200.
Legend: | CU = Common Unit | CO = Core Unit | SE = Specialist Elective |
E = Elective | P = Practicum/Placement | R = Research |
Semester 1 | Semester 2 | ||
Year 1 | |||
ENV102 The Diversity of Life | CO | ENV101 Earth Systems | CO |
LAL100 Language, Literacy and Sustainability (replaces CUC100) OR CUC106 Design and Innovation: Communicating Technology | CU | ENV103 Environmental Issues | CO |
IAS201 Cultural Capabilities (replaces CUC107) | CU | IAS144 Indigenous Land and Resources (replaces ATI140 from 2020) | CO |
ENV208 Geographical Information Systems and Spatial Thinking | CO | SBI209 Design and Analysis of Biological Studies | CO |
Year 2 | |||
ENV201 Introductory Ecology | CO | Specialist Elective | SE |
Specialist Elective | SE | Specialist Elective | SE |
Specialist Elective | SE | Specialist Elective | SE |
Specialist Elective | SE | Specialist Elective | SE |
Year 3 | |||
Specialist Elective | SE | Specialist Elective | SE |
Specialist Elective | SE | Specialist Elective | SE |
Specialist Elective | SE | Elective | E |
Elective | E | Elective | E |
Note 1: The order that specialist electives and electives are taken can vary.
Note 2: Students completing a single major can make up their additional 60CP of specialist electives from any of the majors.
Note 3: Additional Specialist Elective units can be taken as Electives.
SPECIALIST ELECTIVE AVAILABILITY | |||
Semester 1 | Intensive Period 4 | Semester 2 | Summer Semester / Intensive Period 6 |
BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION | |||
ENV300 Wildlife Management ENV301 Tropical Invaders and Biosecurity ENV302 Organisms and Environmental Change ENV311 Practical Statistics and Data Reasoning ENV315 Desert Field Ecology | ENV204 Ecosystems, Evolution and Biodiversity (new title from 2019) ENV206 Environmental Physiology ENV207 Fire Ecology and Management ENV209 Fauna and Flora Survey and Monitoring ENV303 Ecological Restoration and Conservation | ||
SPATIAL AND QUANTITATIVE ECOLOGY (new from 2023) | |||
ENV202 Introductory Remote Sensing HIT234 Database Concepts ENV311 Practical Statistics and Data Reasoning | HIT140 Foundations of Data Science ENV209 Flora and Fauna Survey and Monitoring IAS354 Impact Assessment and Management of Cultural Site | ENV306 Environmental Monitoring and Modelling (Int-6) ENV318 Analysing and Synthesising Spatial Data (Int-6) | |
WATER AND LANDSCAPES | |||
SCH101 Chemical Concepts Chemistry OR SCH104 Introductory Chemistry ENV202 Introductory Remote Sensing ENV211 Aquatic Ecology: Biota and Processes (no longer available) ENV311 Practical Statistics and Data Reasoning ENV313 Hydrology and Catchment Processes | ENV316 Exploring Ecosystem Dynamics: Field Studies in Northern Australia
| ENV210 Aquatic Ecosystems Chemistry (unit title change 2022)
|
ENV323 Environmental Microbiology (SS)
|
ECO-CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT | |||
IAS225 Cultural Resource and Site Management (replaces ATI221) IAS223 Representing and Recording Country (replaces CIK210) IAS353 Indigenous Cultures and the Environment (replaces CIK240) CIK341 Global Perspectives on Indigenous Land and Sea Management (no longer available) | IAS353 Indigenous Cultures and the Environment (replaces CIK240) | ATI160 Cultural Site Management (no longer available) ENV317 Natural Resources and Indigenous Livelihoods IAS322 Research with Indigenous People (replaces INR200) IAS254 Partnership and Engagement in Indigenous Land and Sea Management (replaces CIK230) IAS354 Impact Assessment and Management of Cultural Sites (replaces ATI321) INR300 Indigenous Research Ethics and Methodologies (no longer available) | |
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE AND RESEARCH UNITS | |||
SID300 Professional Practice in Science (repeatable) | SID300 Professional Practice in Science (repeatable) | SID305 Environmental Field Intensives (SS) |
Students commencing in Semester 2
The Recommended Study Plan provided below is suitable for a student commencing in semester 2 and enrolling in a standard load. Students entering this course with advanced standing, or wishing to reduce or vary their study plan due to work, personal, financial or other reasons should use the table as a guide to create an individual study plan.
When designing an individual study plan:
- ensure Common Units are completed in the first year of study;
- maintain the basic order in which units are to be attempted; and
- check the assumed knowledge for each unit as some 200 and 300 level units assume you have completed foundation unit/s in the unit area at a lower level. 200 level units have the unit code which includes a number starting with 200.
Legend: | CU = Common Unit | CO = Core Unit | SE = Specialist Elective |
Semester 1 | Semester 2 | ||
Year 1 | |||
LAL100 Language, Literacy and Sustainability (replaces CUC100) OR CUC106 Design and Innovation: Communicating Technology | CU | ||
ENV101 Earth Systems | CO | ||
ENV103 Environmental Issues | CO | ||
IAS144 Indigenous Land and Resources (replaces ATI140 from 2020) | CO | ||
Year 2 | |||
ENV102 The Diversity of Life | CO | SBI209 Design and Analysis of Biological Studies | CO |
IAS201 Cultural Capabilities (replaces CUC107) | CU | Specialist Elective | SE |
ENV208 Geographical Information Systems and Spatial Thinking | CO | Specialist Elective | SE |
Specialist Elective | SE | Specialist Elective | SE |
Year 3 | |||
ENV201 Introductory Ecology | CO | Specialist Elective | SE |
Specialist Elective | SE | Specialist Elective | SE |
Specialist Elective | SE | Specialist Elective | SE |
Specialist Elective | SE | Elective | E |
Year 4 | |||
Specialist Elective | SE | ||
Specialist Elective | SE | ||
Elective | E | ||
Elective | E |
Students Commencing in Summer Semester
Semester 1 | Semester 2 | Summer Semester | |||
Year 1 | |||||
CUC107 Cultural Intelligence and Capability | CU | ||||
Year 2 | |||||
LAL100 Language, Literacy and Sustainability (replaces CUC100) OR CUC106 Design and Innovation: Communicating Technology | CU | ENV101 Earth Systems | CO | ||
ENV102 The Diversity of Life | CO | ENV103 Environmental Issues | CO | ||
ENV208 Geographical Information Systems and Spatial Thinking | CO | IAS144 Indigenous Land and Resources (replaces ATI140 from 2020) | CO | ||
Elective 1 | E | SBI209 Design and Analysis of Biological Studies | CO | ||
Year 3 | |||||
ENV201 Introductory Ecology | CO | Specialist Elective | SE | ||
Specialist Elective | SE | Specialist Elective | SE | ||
Specialist Elective | SE | Specialist Elective | SE | ||
Specialist Elective | SE | Specialist Elective | SE | ||
Year 4 | |||||
Specialist Elective | SE | Specialist Elective | SE | ||
Specialist Elective | SE | Specialist Elective | SE | ||
Specialist Elective | SE | Elective | E | ||
Elective | E |
Entry requirements
Admission criteria
Admission requirements are met by one of the following:
- Successful completion of the Northern Territory Certificate of Education and Training (or equivalent) and the awarding of an Australian Tertiary Admissions Rank (ATAR) of at least 60*.
- Successful completion of a national qualification at Certificate III level or higher.
- Successful completion of at least 0.5 year of full-time study (or equivalent) of a higher education degree/diploma.
- Overseas secondary or tertiary qualifications considered equivalent to the above Australian qualifications.
- Attainment of a STAT Multiple Choice score of 140.
- Successful completion of the Tertiary Enabling Program, the Preparation for Tertiary Success courses, or other recognised tertiary preparation course.
- Submission of an acceptable personal competencies statement and/or employment experience.
- Defence members with service of 1 year or more at the following ranks (or higher) meet the academic entry requirement for this course:
- Navy: Seaman, Able Seaman, Leading Seaman
- Air Force: Aircraftmen/Aircraftwoman, Leading Aircraftman/Aircraftwoman, Corporal
- Army: Private, Lance Corporal, Corporal
- Current School Leaver Pathways:
- Best of 3 Year 12 subject grades
- School recommendation program
* After any applicable adjustment factors have been applied.
International entry pathway
International applicants who have completed the CDU Foundation Studies Program and achieved a minimum mark of 65% in the Foundation English units A and B are eligible to apply.
Essential requirements
English language requirements
To gain entry into Charles Darwin University, all Higher Education applicants must satisfy the University's English Language Proficiency requirements for their chosen course of study. From 2025 ALL applicants will be required to supply evidence of this at the time of application. For further details on the English requirements for CDU courses, please refer to CDU English Language Proficiency Policy.
DOMESTIC STUDENTS
English language proficiency requirements - Domestic students
INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS
English language proficiency requirements - International students
Course specific English language proficiency requirements for International students are included below.
The minimum English language requirement for this course is met by either undertaking previous education from an English-speaking country or undertaking one of the following English language tests and obtaining the minimum requirements listed below.
CDU English for Academic Purposes 3 (ZEAP30) | Successful completion of EAP003 English for Academic Purposes 3 |
IELTS Academic Module (including One Skill Retake) | A minimum overall score of 6.0 with no band less than 6.0. |
Cambridge Advanced English (CAE) | A minimum overall score of 169, with no skill below 169. |
Common European Framework Certificate of English Proficiency | A minimum overall grade of B2. |
Pearson Test of English (PTE) Academic module | A minimum overall score of 50 with no score lower than 50. |
TOEFL Internet-based Test (iBT) | A minimum overall score of 60 and a minimum writing score of 21. |
* All tests are valid for two years from the date of the test to the date of commencement at CDU, unless otherwise specified.
* Where applicable, international applicants must also satisfy the Department of Home Affairs (DHA) English language requirements for student visa applications.
Do you have a question regarding English requirements at CDU? Please email: international@cdu.edu.au.
ATAR profile
The following table represents the ATAR and selection rank profile for applicants offered a place on the basis of their ATAR in semester 1, 2023
ATAR based offers only | ATAR (excluding adjustment factors) | Selection Rank (ATAR plus any adjustment factors) |
---|---|---|
Lowest rank to receive an offer | 60.80 | 63.40 |
Median rank to receive an offer | 66.70 | 67.00 |
Highest rank to receive an offer | 78.50 | 79.00 |
Notes
"<5" indicates less than 5 ATAR-based offers were made.
I chose CDU because it has an excellent science course, with lots of opportunities for practical experience in the field. I love the small classes, community feel and the interaction with lecturers that you don't get at larger universities.
Brittany
CDU student
I am very proud that I am now an environmental expert who can work anywhere on this planet. There is nothing that can be done on the development of any projects without environmental experts. So, it is a very promising career.
Cassian
CDU student
I chose CDU because it has an excellent science course, with lots of opportunities for practical experience in the field. I love the small classes, community feel and the interaction with lecturers that you don't get at larger universities.
Brittany
CDU student
I am very proud that I am now an environmental expert who can work anywhere on this planet. There is nothing that can be done on the development of any projects without environmental experts. So, it is a very promising career.
Cassian
CDU student
Course details
Accreditation
This course is accredited by the University in accordance with the Higher Education Standards.
Inherent Requirements
There are inherent requirements for this course. Students must read and understand the requirements for this course.
Australian qualification framework
This course is recognised in the Australian Qualifications Framework at Level 7.
Student profile
The table below gives an indication of the likely peer cohort for new students in this course. It provides data on students that commenced this course and passed the census date in Semester 1, 2023.
Applicant background (Semester one intake 2023) | No. of Students | % of all Students |
---|---|---|
A. Higher education study (includes a bridging or enabling course) | 20 | .0 |
B. Vocational education and training (VET) study | 12 | .0 |
C. Work and life experience (Admitted on the basis of previous achievement not in the other three categories) | <5 | N/P |
D. Recent secondary education
(regardless of whether this includes the consideration of adjustment factors such as equity or subject bonus points) | 8 | .0 |
(e.g. portfolio, audition, extra offer conditional on minimum ATAR) | <5 | N/P |
(e.g. special consideration, audition alone, schools recommendation scheme with no minimum ATAR requirement) | <5 | N/P |
International students | <5 | N/P |
All students | 40 | .0 |
Notes
"<5" - the number of students is less than 5
N/A - Students not accepted in this category
N/P - Not published: the number is hidden to prevent calculation of numbers in cells with less than 5 students.
Additional information
Contact details
For further information about the course, enrolment procedures, closing dates and other administrative issues please contact Student Central on:
You make CDU
Together we are a positive force for change in our communities and the world.
Learn more about environmental management
Vamshidhar is from India and studied a Master of Environmental Management at CDU. Hear more about his experience of studying, living, working and playing in Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.
You make CDU
Together we are a positive force for change in our communities and the world.
Learn more about environmental management
Vamshidhar is from India and studied a Master of Environmental Management at CDU. Hear more about his experience of studying, living, working and playing in Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.
How to apply
There are many ways to apply to CDU. The method you use depends on your course type, where you live and whether you are a new or returning student to CDU.
Remember to apply early for your best chance at securing an offer to study with us.
SATAC
SATAC is the application channel for residents of NT, ACT, SA, WA, QLD, VIC, NSW or TAS.
MyNextCourse
Direct applications are available to students who have completed a CDU or BIITE course at a Certificate III level or higher. Most CDU and BIITE enabling programs are also accepted through this process.
International applications
Applications must be submitted online through our application portal, Studylink. You'll need a valid email address to create your online account. Once you have started your application, you will be able to save it and resume it later. There is no application fee when you apply online.
You may be able to lodge a direct application; however, there may be restrictions on your geographic location. If you cannot submit a direct application via the application portal, please apply through one of our registered agents.
Apply through StudyLink or through an Agent.
International applicants currently studying year 12 in Australia should apply via SATAC.
If you do not meet any of the criteria above please visit Pathways to study to view the options available to you.
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